The objective of this article is to show Augustine’s originality in ascribing a key role to will in the cognitive activity. For him, knowledge is influenced by both will and love, and cannot be grasped without will. Grounded primarily on De trinitate, the article focuses on three kinds of knowledge that shed light on his peculiar view on will: self-knowledge, knowledge of God, and the knowledge of bodies.L’objectif de cet article est de montrer que l’originalité d’Augustin est d’attribuer un rôle (...) clé à la volonté dans l’activité cognitive. Pour lui, la connaissance est influencée tant par la volonté que par l’amour et ne peut être appréhenéee sans volonté. Se basant principalement sur De trinitate, cet article se concentre sur trois genres de connaissance qui mettent en lumière sa conception particulière de la volonté : la connaissance de soi, la connaissance de Dieu et la connaissance des corps. (shrink)

Baseado nas reflexões de Nietzsche sobre a ação humana e o além-do-homem, este artigo discute sua crítica demolidora à ética clássica à luz do contexto mais amplo do século XIX de desconstrução dos valores éticos enraizados até então. Duas questões são enfatizadas: A suspeita lançada por Nietzsche sobre a ética clássica desencadeou um vazio ético? A efetivação histórico-social da Unwertung seria apenas uma utopia?

Os escritos de Evágrio Pôntico, monge do século IV, embora não constituindo um sistema filosófico, são de capital importância para compreendermos o desenvolvimento da cultura ocidental. No presente trabalho, todavia, operamos um corte epistemológico diferente. Buscamos na sua obra Tratado Prático, primeira parte de uma trilogia de teologia espiritual, elementos de uma doutrina psicológica que, é o que pretendemos demonstrar, se constitui em verdadeira terapêutica. Assim, exploramos alguns conceitos fundamentais dessa obra, tais como os de impassibilidade, de pensamentos passionais, e (...) o de paixões, e também doutrinas importantes, como a da divisão tripartite da alma e a demonologia evagriana. (shrink)

A pergunta “O que sou, então, meu Deus?” (“Quid ergo sum, Deus meus?”, Conf. X, XVII, 26) – um dos motes da investigação agostiniana – remete de forma pungente e significativa ao tema da relação, de modo mais exato à questão da autorrelação e da alteridade. Com suas reflexões sobre a memória, Agostinho expressa o problema sempre atual da autorrelação em algumas das suas diversas matizes e aspectos a partir da própria experiência de si. Avançar na zona do desconhecido, nesse (...) contexto, significa aproximar-se das esferas ocultas do eu, e a memória - ou o inconsciente - é o portal de entrada a essa área. Procura-se enfatizar, neste artigo, o modo pelo qual o conhecimento/desconhecimento de si, resultante da autorrelação e da investigação de si mesmo, funciona como uma força de empuxo à própria saída-de-si. A resposta à pergunta “O que sou, então, meu Deus?” – etapa do cognosce te ipsum - remete à noção de relação passando pela ideia do descentramento do ego. Da autorrelação à relação com o outro, delineia-se em Agostinho uma abordagem relacional do eu, onde a memória apresenta-se como sede do divino. Encontramo-nos, portanto, longe da moderna noção de subjetividade, onde a visão de si envolve a ideia de autossuficiência. (shrink)

Embora a distância temporal entre Agostinho e Freud possa apresentar dificuldades no que se refere a aproximações conceituais, a tentativa deste artigo é reconhecer alguns conjuntos significantes que se estruturam em torno principalmente das noções de memória e de inconsciente. A finalidade de tal procedimento é identificar no que poderíamos chamar de uma antropologia, seja ela agostiniana ou freudiana, elementos para a crítica do sujeito da modernidade. Assim, serāo examinados o conceito de inconsciente freudiano e o de memória agostiniana e (...) a sua referência a conteúdos latentes da mente, para em seguida ser pontuado o diferencial da memória agostiniana como sede de sabedoria e de transcendência, ideia ausente na teoria freudiana. Enquanto em Freud o sujeito fica desabrigado de si, não sendo senhor da própria casa, em Agostinho verifica-se a saída-de-si em direção a um ‘eu’ mais que ‘eu’. Ambos os autores se dedicam a investigar dimensões ocultas e desconhecidas da subjetividade, buscando lhes atribuir alguma inteligibilidade. Com isso explicitam-se elementos para uma crítica dessa “invenção “da modernidade, isto é, o sujeito tido como autossuficiente e autocentrado. (shrink)

ABSTRACT: The objective of this article is to show Augustine’s originality in ascribing a key role to will in the cognitive activity. For him, knowledge is influenced by both will and love, and cannot be grasped without will. Grounded primarily on De trinitate, the article focuses on three kinds of knowledge that shed light on his peculiar view on will: self-knowledge, knowledge of God, and the knowledge of bodies.RÉSUMÉ: L’objectif de cet article est de montrer que l’originalité d’Augustin est d’attribuer (...) un rôle clé à la volonté dans l’activité cognitive. Pour lui, la connaissance est influencée tant par la volonté que par l’amour et ne peut être appréhenéee sans volonté. Se basant principalement sur De trinitate, cet article se concentre sur trois genres de connaissance qui mettent en lumière sa conception particulière de la volonté : la connaissance de soi, la connaissance de Dieu et la connaissance des corps. (shrink)

O termo "livre" nunca aparece, em Platão e Aristóteles, como relacionado com a condição moral do homem, pois possui um significado estritamente político. A noção de liberdade, referida ao âmbito da ética, é algo tardio no Ocidente, tendo surgido com o cristianismo. Embora esta noção esteja hoje laicizada, isto é, seja considerada quase que exclusivamente em sua dimensão horizontal, e não na vertical, enquanto relacionada a Deus, nem por isso se deve esquecer a contribuição fundamental de Agostinho na formulação deste (...) conceito. No presente texto toma-se como fonte de análise o diálogo De libero arbítrio. (shrink)

A autora apresenta a Ética de Agostinho servindo-se de duas semelhanças trinitárias, a da filosofia e a do conhecimento, encontradas em dois de seus livros, De Civitate Dei e De Trinitate.

O tema da pessoa humana em Agostinho apresenta-se entrelaçado à noção depessoa divina, de onde deriva. Buscaremos contextualizá-lo abordando alguns de seus desenvolvimentos, com ênfase nas questões da ipseidade e da interpessoalidade. Assim, inicialmente, será examinado o significado da pessoa humana, sob o ponto de vista da ipseidade, conforme o problema surge no l. VII do De Trinitate. Será destacada a questão dos universais e a interlocução de Agostinho com a lógica aristotélica. Em seguida, será abordada a questão da interpessoalidade; (...) aqui, levanta-se uma oposição à tese de que há em Agostinho um certo esquecimento do “ser em relação” em detrimento da ideia de comunhão e da importância das relações interpessoais na gênese do “eu”. Em suma, pretende-se apontar como a ideia de “pessoa” em Agostinho exprime, quer a individualidade, quer a relacionalidade. Os medievais e os contemporâneos irão trabalhar com essas noções e as desenvolverão sob o influxo do pioneirismo e do contributo agostiniano. (shrink)

En Mendoza, hacia 1883, El Instructor Popular publica en la sección Noticias la creación de la “policía escolar”. El entramado periodístico permite anudar ciertos espacios y ciertas prácticas que oficiarían de parturientas para ese “vigilante secreto” que se configuraba como uno de los pilares del Sistema Educativo emergente. El inspector que alude a las figuras del vigilante y el policía, visibiliza las del político y dirigente, e ilusiona en el consejero y auditor, formador e informador, abre un espacio de engendramiento (...) tendiente a generar posibilidades materiales de inclusión de la diversidad en el sistema educativo desde una praxis gestada como “investigación educativa”. (shrink)

Candor stands as the keystone element in creating the foundation of trust in the Army, yet the topic is muted. Stewards of the Army Profession build trust through authentic communication -- in education, training, and modeled in application. Candor was previously included in Army Doctrine, yet nearly no mention of it currently exists in professional military education and dialogue. Through personal experiences and review of literature, two examples -- the demands placed on the Army Reserve Components and a review of (...) the Army's counseling and evaluation environment -- serve as illustrations where candor requires revitalization. Candor must be reinforced to be valued or it remains peripheral, serving as a lesson that is equally damaging to individual character as is it institutionally to the Army. (shrink)

Features of threatening cues and the associated context influence the perceived imminence of threat and the defensive responses evoked. To provide additional knowledge about how the directionality of a threat (i.e. directed-towards or away from the viewer) might impact defensive responses in humans, participants were shown pictures of a man carrying a gun (threat) or nonlethal object (neutral) directed-away from or towards the participant. Cardiac and electrodermal responses were collected. Compared to neutral images, threatening images depicting a gun directed-towards the (...) participant induced sustained bradycardia and an increased electrodermal response, interpreted as immobility under attack. This defensive immobility reaction is evoked by high perceived threat and inescapable situations and indicates intense action preparation. Pictures of guns directed-away from the participant induced shorter bradycardia and no significant modulation of the electrodermal response compared to neutral pictures, which might be consistent with the perception of a less threatening situation. The results show that the directionality of threat stimuli is a key factor that prompts different patterns of defensive responses. (shrink)

Existential space is lived space, space permeated by our raced, gendered selves. It is representative of our very existence. The purpose of this essay is to explore the intersection between this lived space and art by analyzing the work of the Cuban‐born artist Ana Mendieta and showing how her Siluetas Series discloses a space of exile. The first section discusses existential spatiality as explained by the phenomenologists Heidegger and Watsuji and as represented in Mendieta's Siluetas. The second section analyzes the (...) space of exile as a space of in‐between‐ness and borders. Lastly, the third section discusses temporality as it relates to the space of exile. Through the analysis of Mendieta's Siluetas, and in light of phenomenological accounts of space and the works of Anzaldúa and Mignolo, Ana Mendieta herself is disclosed as well as the space characteristic of those who can no longer be said to have a “home.” My exploration through my art of the relationship between myself and nature has been a clear result of my having been torn from my homeland during my adolescence. The making of my Silueta in nature keeps (makes) the transition between my homeland and my new home. It is a way of reclaiming my roots and becoming one with nature. Although the culture in which I live is part of me, my roots and cultural identity are a result of my Cuban heritage.1 As quoted in Gloria Moure, Ana Mendieta (Barcelona: Ediciones Polígrafa, S.A., 1996), 108. Ana MendietaLiving in a state of psychic unrest, in a Borderland, is what makes poets write and artists create.2 Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands La Frontera, The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1987), 73. Gloria Anzaldúa. (shrink)

En el presente artículo intentaremos mostrar que en el Eutidemo Platón desarrolla una crítica contra la dialéctica de los filósofos megáricos que tiene por objetivo señalar los aspectos problemáticos de la teoría del lenguaje que fundamenta el procedimiento erístico. Específicamente, Platón muestra que la falta de un criterio de verdad los lleva a comprometerse con enunciados que socavan los fundamentos de la dialéctica. In this paper we shall try to show that in the Euthydemus Plato develops a critic of the (...) Megarian's dialectic, which aims to point out the problematical sides of language theory underpinning the eristic procedure. Specifically, Plato shows that the lack of a criterion of truth leads them to commit to statements that undermine the foundations of dialectic. (shrink)

Resumo O propósito deste trabalho consiste em analisar criticamente uma recente proposta formulada por Needham no âmbito da Filosofia da Química. Este autor toma como essencialmente apropriado o modelo clássico de redução Nageliano. O objetivo fundamental deste trabalho consiste em avaliar certas implicações ontológicas desta tese neorreducionista. Em particular, a autora argumentará que a tese da redução interteórica formulada por Needham apresenta certas limitações, que advêm de uma atenção insuficiente a problemas ontológicos fundamentais. Sendo que estes emergem de uma análise (...) cuidada a algumas alegadas relações redutoras entre teorias. Palavras-chave : modelo nageliano, redução entre teorias, redução ontológica, reducionismo eliminativista, referenciaThe purpose of this paper is to analyse Needham’s recent proposal in the field of philosophy of chemistry. According to this proposal, Nagelian model of reduction is essentially appropriate. The primary aim of this paper is to evaluate certain ontological implications of this neo-reductionist thesis. Specifically, I will argue that Needham’s thesis of intertheoretic reduction has some limitations: the proposal does not pay attention to some fundamental ontological problems that emerge from a watchful analysis of some allegedly reductive relations between theories. Keywords: eliminative reductionism, Nagelian model, ontological reduction, reduction among theories, reference. (shrink)

Given the scarcity of educational materials (EM) to guide nutrition education strategies for phenilketonuric (PKU) patients, the goal of the present study was to develop and analyse the appearance and content validity of a EM directed to phenylketonuric children and their caregivers. The EM was evaluated by five professionals with expertise in the management of PKU. The material comprised 20 pages. All categories presented a satisfactory Index of Content Adequacy, meaning that the material was coherent, relevant and well structured. The (...) final Flesch Reading Ease Score index was 77. The ‘ABC of Phenyl’ Manual is appropriate and therefore suitable for use as an adjuvant in the management of phenylketonuria with pediatric patients. (shrink)

Mariana Tatrchuk. Guaranteeing of Freedom of Conscience and Religions in European Union and Ukraine. In this article analysis legal protection of functioning of religious denominations in European Union and Ukraine in the context of compliance with international law and law of European Union.

The aim of this essay is to analyze the notion of “loving, knowing ignorance,” a type of “arrogant perception” that produces ignorance about women of color and their work at the same time that it proclaims to have both knowledge about and loving perception toward them. The first part discusses Marilyn Frye's accounts of “arrogant” as well as of “loving” perception and presents an explanation of “loving, knowing ignorance.” The second part discusses the work of Audre Lorde, Elizabeth Spelman, and (...) María Lugones in their attempts to deal with the issue of arrogant perception within feminism, and examines how Lugones's notion of “‘world’-traveling” may help us deal with “loving, knowing ignorance.” Ultimately, the author suggests that we need to become aware of instances of “loving, knowing ignorance,” especially if we are to stay true to Third Wave feminism's commitment to diversity. (shrink)

Jurisdiction, Scale and Governance: Chronotopes of Law develops a post-metaphysical framework for analyzing the spatio-temporal workings of law and other forms of governance. In this regard, it does not seek merely to combine analyses of legal temporality carried out by anthropologists with analyses of law and space carried out by geographers and socio-legal scholars. Adding two metaphysical abstractions together does not produce anything but somewhat more complex, but equally metaphysical, abstractions. After Kant, 'time' and 'space' are simply categories of human (...) understanding, not metaphysical entities. And, in this book Mariana Valverde develops an anti-metaphysical theoretical approach to law that aims not to theorize the world in general, but rather to be useful to researchers who seek to shed light on the actual workings of law and other forms of governance. Written by one of the foremost theorists in the area, this theoretically innovative work constitutes a major contribution to contemporary studies in law and society. (shrink)

Draws from Latina feminism, existential phenomenology, and race theory to explore the concept of selfhood. This original study intertwining Latina feminism, existential phenomenology, and race theory offers a new philosophical approach to understanding selfhood and identity. Focusing on writings by Gloría Anzaldúa, María Lugones, and Linda Martín Alcoff, Mariana Ortega articulates a phenomenology that introduces a conception of selfhood as both multiple and singular. Her Latina feminist phenomenological approach can account for identities belonging simultaneously to different worlds, including immigrants, (...) exiles, and inhabitants of borderlands. Ortega’s project forges new directions not only in Latina feminist thinking on such issues as borders, mestizaje, marginality, resistance, and identity politics, but also connects this analysis to the existential phenomenology of Martin Heidegger and to such concepts as being-in-the-world, authenticity, and intersubjectivity. The pairing of the personal and the political in Ortega’s work is illustrative of the primacy of lived experience in the development of theoretical understandings of who we are. In addition to bringing to light central metaphysical issues regarding the temporality and continuity of the self, Ortega models a practice of philosophy that draws from work in other disciplines and that recognizes the important contributions of Latina feminists and other theorists of color to philosophical pursuits. Mariana Ortega is Professor of Philosophy at John Carroll University and coeditor (with Linda Martín Alcoff) of Constructing the Nation: A Race and Nationalism Reader, also published by SUNY Press. (shrink)

Abstract:Jessica Elkayam asks Mariana Ortega about the influence both Latina feminisms and Martin Heidegger have had on the development of Ortega's mestiza theory.

Este trabajo pretende elucidar los rasgos generales de la metafísica de los megáricos en contra de las interpretaciones tradicionales que les atribuyen la defensa de un monismo numérico o una teoría de las Formas. Con base en los testimonios sobre Euclides y Estilpón de Mégara, intentaré mostrar que la metafísica megárica se caracteriza principalmente por el desarrollo de los conceptos de unidad e identidad de cada cosa consigo misma, lo que conlleva el rechazo de la diferencia y, en consecuencia, de (...) cualquier tipo de cambio. Esta perspectiva no excluye la existencia de múltiples entidades que, sin embargo, no son Formas. Por esta razón, los megáricos no desarrollan un monismo de tipo numérico, sino que su visión es coherente con un monismo de tipo predicativo que impugna la posibilidad de adjudicar atributos múltiples a una misma entidad. This paper purports to clarify the general features of Megarian metaphysics against two traditional interpretations which ascribe to this philosophical group either the defense of a numerical monism or a theory of Forms. Based on the testimonies of Euclid and Stilpo of Megara, I will aim to show that a main characteristic of Megarian metaphysics is the development of the concepts of unity and identity of each thing to itself, which involves a disavowal of difference as a possible property and, consequently, of any kind of change. I also intend to show that, although this standpoint does not exclude the existence of multiple entities, it implies that these entities are not Forms. Consequently, the Megarians do not develop a numerical monism but a predicational one, according to which the adscription of many predicates to the same entity is rejected. (shrink)

El siguiente texto intenta abordar la relación existente entre los procesos de globalización-mundialización y ciertas concepciones de historia que le son solidarias. Para lo anterior apela a las reflexiones realizadas por Marc Abélès en Política de la supervivencia y Michael Hardt y Antonio Negri en Imperio. En ambos análisis se puede percibir la importancia que tiene la historia como soporte de los procesos globales que entremezclan lo político, lo económico y lo cultural, procesos que parecen avanzar, según el curso de (...) la historia, y que permiten además dar referencia de sentido a los sujetos en sus procesos identitarios y de individuación. The following text tries to approach the relation between the globalization-mondialisation process and certain conceptions of history witch are solidary with them. For the previous thing, it appeals to the reflections realized by Marc Abélès in Politics of the survival and Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri in Empire. In both analyses it is possible to perceive the importance that takes the history as a support of the global processes that intermingle the politics, the economy and culture, processes that seem to advance according to the course that history has, and they allow to give in addition reference of sense to the subjects in his processes of identity and of individuation. (shrink)

According to María Zambrano in order to unravel the enigmas of life, the heart must have selfcontrol and for that it must be sustained. What does this mean? In order to answer this the question must first be directed to the person who asks it: contemporary man. This person lives a series of mome..

Aunque las primeras lecturas y apropiaciones de textos de Michel Foucault en Argentina datan de fines de la década de 1950, nos interesa aquí detenernos en algunas de las formas de circulación, lectura, interpretación y apropiación de las elaboraciones foucaultianas bajo las condiciones impuestas por la última dictadura militar argentina. Esta propuesta tiene, entonces, como objetivo principal reconstruir históricamente y analizar algunas de esas apropiaciones que, entre fines de la década de 1970 y principios de los ’80, se manifestaron en (...) las Ciencias Sociales, en debates académicos y en producciones relacionadas con problemáticas locales, bajo la hipótesis de que es posible divisar la vitalidad de un espacio público subterráneo que subsistió aun en las peores condiciones de opresión. Tomar algunos de estos casos nos permitirá explorar usos estratégicos en el ámbito político-intelectual que ampliaban los márgenes de un espacio público sofocado. (shrink)

Lacan y Derrida. Una relación signada por la différance.

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar el carácter enigmático de la escritura de Heráclito de Éfeso tomando en consideración la tradición de los enigmas en Grecia antigua. Compararé algunos de sus aforismos con los acertijos compuestos por Cleobulina de Lindos para mostrar que en uno y otro caso la función del enigma es similar: ocultar lo evidente haciendo uso de diversas estrategias lingüísticas con vistas a ampliar tanto el conocimiento sobre el mundo como el conocimiento de sí.

No presente trabalho tentaremos apresentar, em um primeiro momento, os aspectos gerais da leitura que Althusser fez da obra de Maquiavel, com o fito de compreender de que modo nosso autor entende o momento político da fundação do Estado. Em um segundo momento, objetivamos contrapor essa posição com outros dois modos de entender a instituição ou fundação do político, embora também a partir de Maquiavel, considerando as propostas de Hanna Arendt e de Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Por fim, esforçar-nos-emos por extrair algumas (...) conclusões a respeito da produtividade e dos limites que cada um desses modelos hermenêuticos oferecem-nos para pensar o fenômeno da instituição política. (shrink)

Phenomenology is a philosophical perspective first established at the beginning of the twentieth century andremains being developed. It was shaped during the first quarter of that century, diversified during the secondone, and took multiple roads since the 1950s. As a result, it is not possible to talk of ‘the one’ phenomenology, but instead it is necessary to speak of a phenomenological ‘project’. The article presents an approach to the issues, method, and possible applications of phenomenological philosophy. First, it addresses the (...) meaning of the generalphenomenological project and that of the project of three of its classical representatives: Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Secondly, it introduces some of the key concepts of these philosophers, highlighting the continuities and breaks. Finally, it suggests a concrete example of a possible application of the phenomenological approach and method through our contemporary experience of corporeal distance. (shrink)

_Phénoménologie de la perception _es, sin duda, una de las obras más potentes del pensamiento francés del siglo XX. Allí se plantea una pregunta antigua y novedosa al mismo tiempo, en el cruce de la filosofía fenomenológico-existencial con diversas disciplinas que se ocupan del viviente humano: ¿quién es el sujeto de percepción? Merleau-Ponty responderá en esta obra ya clásica: el cuerpo vivido. Éste será, a su vez, caracterizado como un tipo particular de movimiento, que, en el camino de la fenomenología (...) existencial, adquiere la forma de un _movimiento intencional_, de una trascendencia y, finalmente, de un movimiento de temporalización que es, en términos husserlianos, la propia subjetividad. Tomando como punto de partida estos análisis, buscaremos desarrollar en este trabajo la tesis según la cual el cuerpo vivido debe comprenderse, en _Phénoménologie de la perception_, como un _movimiento subjetivo transpersonal_. Para desarrollar esta idea, partiré de un panorama general sobre el problema de la relación entre cuerpo, movimiento y vida frente al cual _Phénoménologie de la perception _se presenta como una continuidad y como una ruptura. En segundo lugar, presentaré los conceptos fundamentales que conducen a la concepción merleau-pontyana del cuerpo vivido como movimiento subjetivo para, en tercer lugar, centrar mi lectura en las posibilidades abiertas por este análisis de la experiencia corporal que denomino _transpersonal_. (shrink)

Lacker (1981) and Lacker & Akin (1988) developed a mathematical model of follicular maturation and ovulation; this model of only four parameters accounts for a large number of results obtained over the past decade or more on the control of follicular growth and ovulation in mammals. It establishes a single law of maturation for each follicle which describes the interactions between growing follicles. The function put forward is sufficient to explain the constancy of the number of ovulations or large follicles (...) in a female as well as the variability of this number among strains or species and for either induced or spontaneous ovulators. According to the model, the number of ovulations or large follicles lies between two limits that are themselves simple functions of two parameters of the model. Moreover, Lacker's model exhibits interesting characteristics in agreement with results obtained by physiologists: in particular, it predicts that the number of ovulating or large follicles is independent of:1. the total number of maturing follicles, 2. the process of recruitment of newly maturing follicles towards the terminal maturation (Poisson or other), 3. the form of the LH or FSH secretion curves as functions of the systemic level of oestradiol. The model further predicts that 4. selection and dominance of follicles result from the feedback between the ovary and the hypophysis through the interactions between follicles; these interactions are expressed by the maturation function of the model. 5. recovery from atresia is possible for a follicle: from decreasing, the rate of secretion of oestradiol may increase. 6. the revised model suggests a renewal of follicles during the sexual cycle, as waves of follicular growth. Lacker's model is a model of strict dominance; it maintains a hierarchy of the follicles as soon as they start their final maturation to the ovulations as that is observed in bird or reptile ovary. Such a strict hierarchy is possible but it is probably not a general situation in all mammals. We therefore modified the maturing function of the follicle in order to make it compatible with the observations of physiologists: follicles always interact as in the initial model but they individually become old, the hierarchy of follicles can be modified with time and the largest follicles do not indefinitely grow as in the initial model. (shrink)